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How To Write Research Paper . . And Get An A+

How To Write Research Paper . . And Get An A+ The Modern Language Association recommends any font that is simple to read and has a clear distinction between italics and standard font. Times New Roman and Arial are recommended, however many other fonts work as well. When it comes to size, 8 ½-by-11-inch paper is the beneficial dimension. If you’d like to make use of a different measurement, ask your teacher prior to submission. Choose a normal, high quality paper to print your project on. Read on extra particulars on formatting in the Modern Language Association style and an instance paper. Each section offers an in-depth overview of the totally different elements to bear in mind when developing an MLA paper. You’ll discover in-depth pointers, examples, and visible samples that can assist you simply format your paper. They should by no means be merely happy with the established order. They should proceed to push themselves regardless of potential obstacles and failures. To embrace a footnote or endnote, add a superscript number on the finish of the sentence the footnote or endnote refers to. They can be included mid-sentence if necessary, but make sure to add it after any punctuation, such as commas or periods. Find a location that doesn’t distract the reader from the content and move of the paper. This will encourage the reader to stay focused on the text of the analysis paper, instead of having to read through all the reference information. The main character’s complicated experience is realized and defined when he states “I didn’t comprehend it at the time, however a baseball cardâ€"for meâ€"might operate like a time machine” . additional details about essays to see an example of a formatted header. It’s applicable to add lists into an MLA format essay as long as the correct guidelines are followed. The data included above and beneath any images or table must be double spaced, just like the remainder of the project or paper. In the textual content of the project or paper, place a parentheses on the end of the line where the determine is mentioned, and embody the label. Immediately following the caption, it's acceptable to include attribution info. Many supply sorts, such as books and articles, use fonts which might be straightforward to read, so when you’re in search of an applicable font type, look at different sources for steering. Two of the most generally used fonts are Arial and Times New Roman. While it could appear tempting to position a number of extra traces between the heading, title, and starting of the paper, traces ought to all be double spaced. Paraphrasing is an important part of the research and writing process. Steve Jobs encouraged students at Stanford to proceed with their willpower, drive, and ambitious conduct. Use typical, prime quality printer or copy paper. If you choose to print your paper, use white paper only. Do not use ivory, off-white, or some other shades or colors. Many of the ideas in this publish I first expressed in an interview I did a while in the past with @AurelieLitReview. Thanks to her for spurring my thoughts on this. The publishability query often comes up as a result of many evaluations evolve from the first chapters of theses. When you are sharing extra information that doesn’t fairly match into the scope of the paper, however is helpful for the reader. These forms of footnotes and endnotes are useful when explaining translations, adding background information, or sharing counterexamples to analysis. When you're referring to a variety of varied sources, by various authors, in a bit of your paper. In this example, it is a good suggestion to use a footnote or endnote to share data for parenthetical references. Spelling out abbreviations into their full words and which means is really helpful. This ensures understanding and avoids any confusion. Instead of coming throughout uneven abbreviations, readers can observe the natural move of the language in the paper. When including a quote in your paper or project, place the period outside of the parentheses, on the end of the entire sentence. In an MLA paper, it is acceptable to use any font sort that is simple to read. Type out entire month names when being used within the physique of a analysis paper or task. Abbreviations are generally used in many supply sorts together with websites, weblog posts, books, and journal articles. It is suitable to make use of abbreviations in all of those sources. When it comes to highschool and analysis assignments however, the Modern Language Association Handbook states that abbreviations to hardly ever be used .

How To Write A Good Apa Paper

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Who Can Write My Research Paper For Me?

Who Can Write My Research Paper For Me? I would have most likely spent a month to do my analysis paper nearly as good as you did in a week. This subject is tough, I didn’t know how to do my analysis paper at all. Thank you guys for giving me a hand, it is excellent. So I was assigned to do my analysis paper, after which I postponed it atrociously. So don't hesitate to purchase a analysis paper in your faculty project. Materials are properly introduced, demonstrating deep knowledge and understanding of the topic. Writing a analysis paper in college is practically the identical as cooking. Your analysis materials are your components and you must discover a method to arrange and cook dinner your supplies right into a delicious meal . The three physique paragraphs work collectively to supply proof and reasoning to help the thesis assertion. An introduction must capture the reader’s attention and explain what the essay will be about. Introductions range primarily based on several types of essays. For example, in a story essay the story doesn’t begin till after the introduction. You have already completed your analysis paper and also you need an skilled to proofread it. There’s not sufficient time to complete your assignment by the required due date. There’s no substitute for a second set of eyes, which is why you must depend on essay modifying by reliable professionals. We have a strong assist group that's prepared that will help you 24/7. Call us, ship us emails, and write to us by way of stay chat if any question arises. Cookie Policy We use cookies to enhance your searching experience on our web site. By staying at WiseEssays.com, you conform to our Cookie Policy. The formatting of your writing project is incorrect and must be changed. The construction of the paper just isn't clear and environment friendly. We clarify every inquiry and give you rapid suggestions as a result of we care about your time and satisfaction. When you set your deadline, we make the utmost efforts to investigate, manage and ship your paper punctually. We have a strict quality assurance procedure, and the final draft reaches you in a refined form. Lack of time because you gave an excessive amount of time to prep work and not enough to do the job. I received a great paper from you in simply two days and it is amazing, thanks. I think I was the only one to do my research paper correctly, but I must say I am impressed with the results of your work. Everything is as written in directions and I prefer it very a lot. In addition to the format, a significant technical a part of your essay its quotation style. The two commonest types are the APA and the MLA type, with the Chicago and Harvard styles getting used much less often. The conclusion of your paper ought to summarize all the main arguments and tie them together. As talked about beforehand, all people paragraph works to support the thesis statement. Thank you for doing my paper in such a brief deadline. I nearly had no hope to manage everything I wanted. These causes can be an impediment to receiving an excellent grade in your analysis paper. We’ve tackled these difficulties ourselves, and now we're ready to start working on your task. Money-back guarantee if we are mistaken.A 48-hour deadline means a 48 hours deadline, and never 49 or 50. You can change your setting at any time - read extra in our Cookie Policy part. As a extremely customer-oriented firm, we provide each shopper with 24/7 online help. It will enable you not solely to examine the standing of the order but give you an opportunity to touch upon including some extra particulars or mentioning specific details in your analysis paper. Follow the proper essay format and quotation type to keep away from lessening your grade. In your conclusion, you should clarify how all of this relates together and proves your level. There are three body paragraphs in a a thousand-word essay. Each considered one of them is concentrated on a selected level of discussion in the essay.

Who Can Write My Research Paper For Me?

Who Can Write My Research Paper For Me? I would have most likely spent a month to do my analysis paper nearly as good as you did in a week. This subject is tough, I didn’t know how to do my analysis paper at all. Thank you guys for giving me a hand, it is excellent. So I was assigned to do my analysis paper, after which I postponed it atrociously. So don't hesitate to purchase a analysis paper in your faculty project. Materials are properly introduced, demonstrating deep knowledge and understanding of the topic. Writing a analysis paper in college is practically the identical as cooking. Your analysis materials are your components and you must discover a method to arrange and cook dinner your supplies right into a delicious meal . The three physique paragraphs work collectively to supply proof and reasoning to help the thesis assertion. An introduction must capture the reader’s attention and explain what the essay will be about. Introductions range primarily based on several types of essays. For example, in a story essay the story doesn’t begin till after the introduction. You have already completed your analysis paper and also you need an skilled to proofread it. There’s not sufficient time to complete your assignment by the required due date. There’s no substitute for a second set of eyes, which is why you must depend on essay modifying by reliable professionals. We have a strong assist group that's prepared that will help you 24/7. Call us, ship us emails, and write to us by way of stay chat if any question arises. Cookie Policy We use cookies to enhance your searching experience on our web site. By staying at WiseEssays.com, you conform to our Cookie Policy. The formatting of your writing project is incorrect and must be changed. The construction of the paper just isn't clear and environment friendly. We clarify every inquiry and give you rapid suggestions as a result of we care about your time and satisfaction. When you set your deadline, we make the utmost efforts to investigate, manage and ship your paper punctually. We have a strict quality assurance procedure, and the final draft reaches you in a refined form. Lack of time because you gave an excessive amount of time to prep work and not enough to do the job. I received a great paper from you in simply two days and it is amazing, thanks. I think I was the only one to do my research paper correctly, but I must say I am impressed with the results of your work. Everything is as written in directions and I prefer it very a lot. In addition to the format, a significant technical a part of your essay its quotation style. The two commonest types are the APA and the MLA type, with the Chicago and Harvard styles getting used much less often. The conclusion of your paper ought to summarize all the main arguments and tie them together. As talked about beforehand, all people paragraph works to support the thesis statement. Thank you for doing my paper in such a brief deadline. I nearly had no hope to manage everything I wanted. These causes can be an impediment to receiving an excellent grade in your analysis paper. We’ve tackled these difficulties ourselves, and now we're ready to start working on your task. Money-back guarantee if we are mistaken.A 48-hour deadline means a 48 hours deadline, and never 49 or 50. You can change your setting at any time - read extra in our Cookie Policy part. As a extremely customer-oriented firm, we provide each shopper with 24/7 online help. It will enable you not solely to examine the standing of the order but give you an opportunity to touch upon including some extra particulars or mentioning specific details in your analysis paper. Follow the proper essay format and quotation type to keep away from lessening your grade. In your conclusion, you should clarify how all of this relates together and proves your level. There are three body paragraphs in a a thousand-word essay. Each considered one of them is concentrated on a selected level of discussion in the essay.

An Awesome Autobiography

An Awesome Autobiography Last weekend I posted an entry on my birthday, sharing some things I have learned now in my advanced age. On the same day, in a very different part of the Internet though culturally close and easily accessible via a tesseract an 86 year old man posted his autobiography to reddit in rage comic form.  I dont actually read reddit, but most of my friends do; now, 9 days later, it has filtered through the rest of the Internet back to me, and on to you. It is pretty awesome, and another piece of data (I am tracking this very closely and rigorously) supporting the conclusion that November 5th is unquestionably the best of birthdays. What does this have to do with MIT Admissions? Nothing really. Then again, neither did 50 Things, at least strictly speaking. I just enjoyed reading about the perspective of an 86 year old veteran and videogamer on life in a rage comic. Maybe you will too. And if so, you can join me in a virtual toast to 1925gamer; may he, and Mrs. 1925gamer, live long and headshot n00bs for many years to come.

Malcom X By Malcolm X - 989 Words

People often become angry at themselves when they are unable to do something; this leads to frustration and then a choice they have to make: giving up or stubbornly continuing it. Malcolm X was also in a situation like that during his time in prison. He never finished his education in reading or writing and tried to learn how to read and write which it was hard for him, but he still continue to learn to those skills. In Malcolm X’s â€Å"Learning to Read†, despite being a prisoner, he decides to learn how to read and write making use of his time in prison in order to learn more about the world than continuing to be ignorant. â€Å"Learning to Read† by Malcolm X is a narrative that focuses on him trying to learn how to read in prison and how gaining that ability open up new doors for him. While Malcolm X was in prison, he realized how frustrating it was being unable to read and write what he wanted to read or write which his constant frustration eventually triggers his ambition to try learning those skills. Learning to read in prison helped Malcolm X more than if he went to college because he can concentrate better in the isolation of prison than the many social distractions of college. With only books as his resource, Malcolm X went through a tedious journey of steadily practicing how to read, write, and understand every word he saw, eventually, he accomplished his ambition. Malcolm X focused more on reading and became obsessed with it; he reads almost every day and as much asShow MoreRelatedMalcolm X : The Rhetorical Analysis Of Malcom Xs Speech968 Words   |  4 Pages In New York City on March 22, 1964, Malcolm X delivered his speech, â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet.† Malcolm X, a minister of the Nation of Islam, and a revolutionary advocate of nationalism in the black community, imparted this speech with the intent to reach the black population in a time of change. The adept use of ethos, pathos, and logos to build and maintain a compelling argument, brings about a call to action and firmly conveys his ideas within the black community. Within ethos, pathosRead MoreMalcolm Xs Speech : The Rhetorical Analysis Of Malcom X843 Words   |  4 Pages1964 Malcolm X gave one of the most iconic speeches of all time. Malcolm gave this speech at the â€Å"Cory Methodist Church† where he spoke out about the politics of voting for African Americans. Malcolm X advised that African Americans should vote, however if prejudice continued and the government continued to prevent blacks from being completely equal that African Americans would have to use more violent ta ctics. This speech is great for a number of reasons and one of these reasons is Malcolm X’s useRead MoreMalcolm X : An Extraordinary Figure For African Americans1647 Words   |  7 Pages Malcolm X is an extraordinary figure for African Americans. He is one of the most historic and significant human beings in American history. Malcolm Little was born on May 19, 1925, in Omaha, Nebraska. His mother, Louise Little, was 28 years young and his father Earl Little was an outspoken Baptist minister and supporter of Marcus Garvey s â€Å"Back to Africa Movement†. Malcom had 3 half siblings from his father’s previous marriage and later 6 additional kids. His push for Civil Right made him a targetRead MoreThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesautobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X written by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I beli eve that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Malcolm X is misunderstoodRead MoreThe Ballot Or The Bullet By Malcolm X1222 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1964 Malcolm X delivered a speech titled ‘The Ballot or the Bullet† aimed to reach the poor black people of America. Born May 19, 1925 one of nine children, to a Baptist preacher whose was hit by a street car, and whose death was said to have possibly been a murder by white people, Malcom X was raised by his mother until she was institutionalized. After being put in foster care, and having issues in school, Malcom dropped out of school and became a troubled teen. A drug dealer, street hustlerRead MoreSimilarities Between Frederick Douglas And Malcom X1321 Words   |  6 Pagesand Malcom X, two men who enlightened themselves without access to the wealth that tethers education to those of the upper class. Hard work and determination can win the day and bestow a freedom that only an advanced education offers. These two men are shining examples of what can be accomplished when someone refuses to be denied an education. This story tells about, Malcolm X and Fredrick Douglas, and how they found themselves trapped, uninformed, and rose above their demographics. Malcolm X wasRead MoreMalcom X And Richard Wright1066 Words   |  5 PagesMelissa Coss Aquino English 11 Many people learn to write and read with the help of a formal education. Malcom X in â€Å"Learning to Read† and Richard Wright in â€Å"The library Card† had none of these blessings. In spite of having great disadvantages both Malcom X and Wright became educated. Even though their journey to literacy have some significant differences, the resemblance are evident Malcom X and Richard Wright were incredibly resourceful and extremely self-motivated during their path towards literacyRead MoreThe Education Of Malcolm X Essay984 Words   |  4 Pageswrite to express your feelings and communicate with others. Frederick Douglass and Malcom X both succeeded in learning how to read and write, but in different ways. The education of Malcolm X was learned more formally. Frederick Douglass learned from his surroundings and the people around him. Malcom and Frederick battled in reading and writing, but learned in similar and different ways. During the 1960s, Malcolm X was one of many articulate and powerful leaders of black America. Before he was aRead MoreMartin Luther King and Malcom X: Construing the Courageous668 Words   |  3 PagesMLK and X: Construing the Courageous Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X are equally categorized as courageous individuals; however the thoughts, actions, and beliefs as evidenced in their writings demonstrate that each chose a path opposite the other in exhibiting courageous actions. Through Martin Luther King Jr.’ speech, I’ve Been to the Mountain Top and Malcom X’s By any Means Necessary, we observe the steps that each of these Black Activist Leaders took in order to grasp the attention ofRead MoreWho knew the two most powerful African Americans that influence countless of people in history and700 Words   |  3 Pagesofficials issued a court injunction to prohibit the civil rights marches in Birmingham. Whereas, Malcolm x was arrested for burglary while trying to pick up a stolen watch he had left for repairs at a jewelry shop. The fight for civil right was taken in the 1960s, where racism was a problem. Whites discriminated blacks because they thought they werent equal to them. This is wher e Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcom X come in, they are well known African Americans leaders who fought for what they believed

Ai Weiwei Marcel Duchamp - Debate Within the Art World...

Artists’ intentions are shaped by context, materials, ideas and audience. Discuss this statement with consideration of how audience interpretations of artworks have caused debate in the art world. An artwork is often an artist’s subjective expression of their context. The ideology of artists, their perceptions of their contexts and the materials available to them play a significant role in the creation of their artworks. However, an artist’s intentions can be misinterpreted or disregarded by their audience, often sparking fervent discussion within the art world. Through the artists Ai Weiwei and Marcel Duchamp, we can clearly see how personal reactions to an environment shape the intent of artworks. Additionally, from their audiences’†¦show more content†¦The subject matter of sunflower seeds has many indirect meanings, one being associated with his childhood. His father, Ai Qing was a renowned modern poet in China. In 1958, Ai Qing was accused of being anti-communist, forbidden to write, and exiled to Xinjiang province, where Weiwei spent his youth. In this interpretation, the actual image of sunflower seeds represents his childhood experience of growing up in a farming area where sunflower seeds were in abundance, whilst also reflecting on the injustice the fascist government did to his father’s freedom. The work is also considered a direct allusion to the demagogic principles of the former ruler of China, Mao Zedong. Chairman Mao is the sun, and his loyal followers are the sunflowers surrounding him; this is a metaphor for the unwavering obedience of almost all of the Chinese population under the rein of the communist leader. The seeds served as a symbol of Mao’s godlike power to render the world fertile, a theme that was often illustrated in his countless political portraits. This sunflower motif originated from a popular propaganda poster, which Weiwei exploits to remind his Chinese audience of the cycle of political bias that has ruled their country for decades. Through the structural decision to juxtapose the organic form of a sunflower seed with the cold, hard, industrial choice of materials, the work has become a subtle criticism of political

Aliens, Go Home Free Essays

Should illegal immigrants be sent back to their countries, or should they be granted amnesty? Is this a question of morality or of uncomplicated national policy? Granting amnesty for illegal aliens forgives their acts of illegal immigration and implicitly forgives other related illegal acts such as driving and working with false documents (www.usamnesty.org). We will write a custom essay sample on Aliens, Go Home or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why should a national policy be bent to such extremely unreasonable extent? If the matter is about morality, it will be highly subjective as morality is prone to being understood from too many various perspectives, the result of which can be too complicated to deduce into a single stand. However, if the matter is about uncomplicated fundamental national policy, which states that illegal immigrants should be punished because they clearly broke the law, the matter becomes very basic and very easy to see. Illegal immigrants are lawbreakers. Why spare them of the punishment that they have prepared themselves for in the moment that they decided to break the law? It does not make sense. Even though statistics from various polls illustrate that most Americans are in favor of granting illegal immigrants the amnesty (USA Today) they need to subsequently get a green card, it is still not a good thing to do. For one, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is tantamount to admission of a weak national policy, ergo, a weak national system. Why create a law that you’re ready to break? If you’re changing your laws for the convenience of people who were ready to break them, what is now the distinction between the ruler and the subordinates? Much worse, who is now ruling in the country that had created the laws in the first place? Aliens? Second, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is unethical. At the risk of crossing the borders of morality issues, illegal immigration is first and foremost an issue of ethics. Illegal immigrants might argue that they have the right to exercise freedom of movement; however, freedom of movement only applies to movement within national borders (Wiki). Third, granting amnesty to illegal immigrants is a crystal clear invitation to future lawbreakers. Regardless of any reason for such an act, which others deem reasonable and humane, the truth of the matter is that it will eventually backfire and bring forth more trouble than ever. Future offenders are watching. If they see that there’s a way to get away with being an alien, then they will fear less about breaking in borders and entering a different country. Then the weak system will be subjected to an unimaginable, albeit invited chaos, coming from different nationalities, into one nation. What good will it do, considering all the possible clashing of cultures and vanishing centuries-old traditions? Each country has had a way of living that is distinct from the other. One way of preserving this is restricting the number of immigrants and standing guard against the destruction of old and protected cultures. No country will succeed in doing this if illegal immigrants are tolerated beyond what national laws provide for. Fourth, an increasing threshold for the tolerance of illegal immigrants will inevitably give way to the entrance, proliferation and perhaps subsequent tolerance of human and drug trafficking, which is a nightmare for a country that is supposed to protect its constituents. (americas.org) Having said the four major reasons for eliminating the possibility of granting amnesty, this paper will now enumerate reasons why illegal immigrants should be sent back to their countries with a definitive malicious record of being an alien at least once. Immigration amnesty can potentially benefit a massive 12 to 20 million illegal immigrants currently living in the United States. (www.usamnesty.org) This number of people should be sent back to their countries because, for one, they are law breakers. Second, if they could ignore their own countries laws, what good can they do for the country they moved in? Considering this massive number of people, would it be much surprising if criminal acts increase in a nation? This is not to say that undocumented aliens are automatic criminals. But consider this, won’t any one of them be suspect? Some EU member states are currently receiving large-scale immigration. Spain, for one, has created more than half of all the new jobs in the EU over the past five years, and is now a destination for undocumented aliens. These jobs should go to the people of Spain, not to the aliens! The thing is, the matter is not about what majority thinks, but simply, it is about what is right. Illegal immigrants should be sent back to their countries and be marked, so that other countries will take note that they were lawbreakers once, and so the undocumented aliens could feel the magnanimity of the offense they have done. It is bad enough that some people have trouble following the law. How much worse could it be if a country creates a system where laws can be break and amnesty can be granted such that any potential offender could feel free to follow in the footsteps of those who had broken the law before them? How to cite Aliens, Go Home, Papers

Philosphy - Mills Utilitarianism Essays - Utilitarianism

Philosphy - Mills Utilitarianism Mill's Utilitarianism: Sacrifice the innocent for the common good? When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies the appropriate considerations, but offers no realistic way to gather the necessary information to make the required calculations. This lack of information is a problem both in evaluating the welfare issues and in evaluating the consequentialist issues which utilitarianism requires be weighed when making moral decisions. Utilitarianism attempts to solve both of these difficulties by appealing to experience; however, no method of reconciling an individual decision with the rules of experience is suggested, and no relative weights are assigned to the various considerations. In deciding whether or not to torture a terrorist who has planted a bomb in New York City, a utilitarian must evaluate both the overall welfare of the people involved or effected by the action taken, and the consequences of the action taken. To calculate the welfare of the people involved in or effected by an action, utilitarianism requires that all individuals be considered equally. Quantitative utilitarians would weigh the pleasure and pain which would be caused by the bomb exploding against the pleasure and pain that would be caused by torturing the terrorist. Then, the amounts would be summed and compared. The problem with this method is that it is impossible to know beforehand how much pain would be caused by the bomb exploding or how much pain would be caused by the torture. Utilitarianism offers no practical way to make the interpersonal comparison of utility necessary to compare the pains. In the case of the bomb exploding, it at least seems highly probable that a greater amount of pain would be caused, at least in the present, by the bomb exploding. This probability suffices for a quantitative utilitarian, but it does not account for the consequences, which create an entirely different problem, which will be discussed below. The probability also does not hold for Mill's utilitarianism. Mill's Utilitarianism insists on qualitative utilitarianism, which requires that one consider not only the amount of pain or pleasure, but also the quality of such pain and pleasure. Mill suggests that to distinguish between different pains and pleasures we should ask people who have experienced both types which is more pleasurable or more painful. This solution does not work for the question of torture compared to death in an explosion. There is no one who has experienced both, therefore, there is no one who can be consulted. Even if we agree that the pain caused by the number of deaths in the explosion is greater than the pain of the terrorist being tortured, this assessment only accounts for the welfare half of the utilitarian's considerations. Furthermore, one has no way to measure how much more pain is caused by allowing the bomb to explode than by torturing the terrorist. After settling the issues surrounding the welfare, a utilitarian must also consider the consequences of an action. In weighing the consequences, there are two important considerations. The first, which is especially important to objectivist Utilitarianism, is which people will be killed. The second is the precedent which will be set by the action. Unfortunately for the decision maker, the information necessary to make either of these calculations is unavailable. There is no way to determine which people will be killed and weigh whether their deaths would be good for society. Utilitarianism requires that one compare the good that the people would do for society with the harm they would do society if they were not killed. For example, if a young Adolf Hitler were in the building, it might do more good for society to allow the building to explode. Unfortunately for an individual attempting to use utilitarianism to make for decisions, there is no way to know beforehand what a person will do. Furthermore, without even knowing which building the bomb is in, there is no way to predict which people will surely be in the building. A subjectivist utilitarian would dismiss this consideration and would examine only what a rational person would consider to be the consequence; however, even the subjectivist utilitarian must face the question of precedent setting. Utilitarianism considers justice and humane treatment to be good for

Free Essays on Relationship Between Mao And Red Guards

Authorities’ suppression on people under authority causes rebellions against them. In the late times of the Cultural Revolution this processes were a bit different. Mao was the leader of the Revolution; however Red Guards rebel against him at the end. When the relations between Mao and the Red Guards broke down, the Cultural Revolution started to break down at the end of the Cultural Revolution. To understand better this situation, the reasons why the relationship between Mao and Red Guards came to an end will be explained. One of the main reasons is Mao’s bad management on Red Guards that caused the break down in relations at the end of the Cultural Revolution. At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Mao was a hero for Red Guards, because of the fact that Mao created them. The Red Guards was formed with young people all over the country. This young population was unemployed, poor and was just looking for their basic needs. Their hero, Mao gave them a job and protected them from disappearing in this bloody revolution. Nevertheless, they became an extensive power in a short period. They started to destroy the four olds- old customs, old habits, old culture and old thinking- with the command of Mao. However they continued destroying everything wildly with considering anything. Mao could not manage this power correctly, and at least they broke off the rope that Mao was holding in his hands. Then Mao, with the help of the army, subdued the Red Guards in 1968. After that, Red Guards were confused with Mao’s behaviour. As a result, Mao’s unbalanced behaviour caused a break down between him and his favourite Red Guards (Smitha, 2001, p.5). The other main reason is Red Guard’s selfish acts which made them to think themselves as heroes. After Mao gathered young people and gave them an identity as Red Guards, they supposed that they were the only and most important force for the Cultural Revolution. They acted with no responsibi... Free Essays on Relationship Between Mao And Red Guards Free Essays on Relationship Between Mao And Red Guards Authorities’ suppression on people under authority causes rebellions against them. In the late times of the Cultural Revolution this processes were a bit different. Mao was the leader of the Revolution; however Red Guards rebel against him at the end. When the relations between Mao and the Red Guards broke down, the Cultural Revolution started to break down at the end of the Cultural Revolution. To understand better this situation, the reasons why the relationship between Mao and Red Guards came to an end will be explained. One of the main reasons is Mao’s bad management on Red Guards that caused the break down in relations at the end of the Cultural Revolution. At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Mao was a hero for Red Guards, because of the fact that Mao created them. The Red Guards was formed with young people all over the country. This young population was unemployed, poor and was just looking for their basic needs. Their hero, Mao gave them a job and protected them from disappearing in this bloody revolution. Nevertheless, they became an extensive power in a short period. They started to destroy the four olds- old customs, old habits, old culture and old thinking- with the command of Mao. However they continued destroying everything wildly with considering anything. Mao could not manage this power correctly, and at least they broke off the rope that Mao was holding in his hands. Then Mao, with the help of the army, subdued the Red Guards in 1968. After that, Red Guards were confused with Mao’s behaviour. As a result, Mao’s unbalanced behaviour caused a break down between him and his favourite Red Guards (Smitha, 2001, p.5). The other main reason is Red Guard’s selfish acts which made them to think themselves as heroes. After Mao gathered young people and gave them an identity as Red Guards, they supposed that they were the only and most important force for the Cultural Revolution. They acted with no responsibi...

Use Avogadros Number to Convert Molecules to Grams

Use Avogadros Number to Convert Molecules to Grams Avogadros number is the number of items in one mole. The number is experimentally determined based on measuring the number of atoms in precisely 12 grams of the carbon-12 isotope, giving a value of approximately  6.022 x 1023. You can use Avogadros number in conjunction with atomic mass to convert a number of atoms or molecules into the number of grams. For molecules, you add together the atomic masses of all the atoms in the compound to get the number of grams per mole. Then you use Avogadros number to set up a relationship between the number of molecules and mass. Heres an example problem that shows the steps: Avogadros Number Example Problem Question: Calculate the mass in grams of 2.5 x 109 H2O molecules. Solution: Step 1 - Determine the mass of 1 mole of H2O To obtain the mass of 1 mole of water, look up the atomic masses for hydrogen and oxygen from the Periodic Table. There are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen for every H2O molecule, so the mass of H2O is: mass of H2O 2 (mass of H) mass of Omass of H2O 2 ( 1.01 g ) 16.00 gmass of H2O 2.02 g 16.00 gmass of H2O 18.02 g Step 2 - Determine the mass of 2.5 x 109 H2O molecules One mole of H2O is 6.022 x 1023 molecules of H2O (Avogadros number). This relation is then used to convert a number of H2O molecules to grams by the ratio: mass of X molecules of H2O / X molecules mass of a mole of H2O molecules / 6.022 x 1023 molecules Solve for the mass of X molecules of H2O mass of X molecules of H2O ( mass of a mole H2O  · X molecules of H2O ) / 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules mass of 2.5 x 109 molecules of H2O ( 18.02 g  · 2.5 x 109) / 6.022 x 1023 H2O moleculesmass of 2.5 x 109 molecules of H2O ( 4.5 x 1010) / 6.022 x 1023 H2O moleculesmass of 2.5 x 109 molecules of H2O 7.5 x 10-14 g. Answer The mass of 2.5 x 109 molecules of H2O is 7.5 x 10-14 g. Helpful Tips for Converting Molecules to Grams The key to success for this type of problem is paying attention to the subscripts in a chemical formula. For example, in this problem, there were two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. If youre getting the incorrect answer for this type of problem, the usual cause is having the number of atoms wrong. Another common problem is not watching your significant figures, which can throw off your answer in the last decimal place.

EU law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

EU law - Essay Example Although the employer has allowed rest period 10 minutes as permitted in Estate Facilitators Act 1965 as against 15 minutes allowed by the EU Directive 2005/666, the employer has failed to give the facilitator the training on the equipment required both by the Act as well as the Directive. Thus, regardless of the non-transposition of the directive, the employer is bound to give training to the facilitator on equipment as per the Act if not the enhanced rest period under the Directive. Besides the rights available for the estate facilitator under the Health and Safety Regulations and the Employment Rights Act regardless of the EU directive as far as the failure to give training by the private employer, the employee (the facilitator) has the right to make complaints in his individual capacity to the European Commission for failure by the Member State to transpose the directive into the domestic law. European Commission will investigate the complaint and call for explanation from the Member State. If the explanation is not satisfactory, the Commission can order the Member State to comply with the Directive within one month failing which the matter can be referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) by the Commission. In the case adverse finding against the State, the ECJ can order the Member State to give compensation to the individual. ECJ’s decision is final and there will be no further appeal.2 Under the EU law, a â€Å"direct effect† action is available for union citizen. Direct effect is a principle under EU law by which Union Citizens can bring action within their own Member State instead of as above whether or not the Member State has transposed the directive into its national law. It can also apply to regulations, treaty provisions and decisions. The ECJ introduced the principle in NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v. Nederlan dse Administratie der Belastingen,3 The conditions laid down by the ECJ for warranting a Direct Effect of the â€Å"Primary EU Law† are that the provisions of the directive must be clear and precise, they must be a standalone conditions without being dependant on any other legal provision, and must bestow a specific right based on which the citizen can make a claim. If these are satisfied, it will have the same legal effect as Regulations under the Article of 288 of TFEU. Thus, as established in Flamino Costav ENEL4, EU Law on labour, enjoys supremacy over domestic law rules and claims can be made before national courts overriding the domestic law as also held in Defrenne v Sabena. 5 But this related to an Article 141 of EC now 157 of TFEU and not a directive which may or may not be applicable throughout the European Union. However, in the case of the directive in question, it is not discriminatory and hence applicable to all member states and hence the Estate Facilitator who is a European Citizen can move his national court for the infringement of his rights over the rest period for every three hours of work and training of the lifting equipment once in every six months as provided. This Direct effect can be applied as Horizontal Direct Effect and Vertical Direct Effect depending on whom the right is enforced against. If the entity is the State or its emanation, vertical direct effect will apply. In a vertical direct effect, there is an alignment between the EU law, National Law and the State’s obligation to ensure that its national legislation is in consonance with EU law. This was

Rhetorical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 26

Rhetorical Analysis - Essay Example Being a disease with no certified medication, every state/ nation of the world feared the penetration of the virus into its territories. At the time, the governments placed all possible measures to prevent the spread of the disease into their countries. Despite all these efforts, the fear of Ebola could not be eliminated from not only the ordinary nationals, but also the medical practitioners. Responding to the vigorous spread of the disease, the author decided to write a journal that would explain various measures that can be put in place for preparedness and prevention of Ebola. The main purpose of the paper therefore was to enlighten every the different stakeholder and possible victims of the Ebola disease, on how the disease could be prevented. For instance, the journal was aimed at the health service providers (e.g. nurses), to be careful when handling the suspected of confirmed Ebola patients. The author achieves this goal by advising them to wear protective attires when handling such cases. The journal also enlightened the ordinary people, on the various ways through which the Ebola virus could be contracted. For instance, the author stresses that the main way through which Ebola is contracted is through direct contact with the infected person. The author also had a goal to advise governments on how Ebola virus spread could be prevented. In his article, he points out that, since there is no effective treatment for Ebola disease, the only method that can help in controlling the spread of the disease is by quarantine. This advice to the government would assist in isolating the suspected or confirmed Ebola patients, and specialized attention given to them. This prevents unnecessary spread of the disease. The journal targets any person, who needs to get information about the prevention of Ebola disease. Looking at the time during which the article was written, ideally,

The Us Containment Policy History Essay

The Us Containment Policy History Essay Power extension has always been a subject that fascinated me. There are countless ways in which groups of individuals can maintain interests of their communities and protect them from possible threats. This phenomenon has been known to the humanity ever since the first human got off the tree and straightened up. The more sophisticated tools we started using, the more dangerous the threat has become. First armies were created, followed up by intelligence services and counter-intelligence services investigating threats both foreign and domestic. By means of diplomacy, diversion, espionage, and violence mighty rulers were trying to guarantee national security by influencing the circumstances on different levels think of Vaticans interference in French politics via Cardinal Richelieu or Charlemagnes orders to execute thousands and convert the others forcefully into Christianity during the Saxon Wars. This concept remained unchanged for centuries and reached its peak in the 20th century, materializing in three terrifying wars of which one is also known as the Cold War. For me as a person interested in power extension is the latter an episode that cannot be overemphasized. For this reason I decided to devote my PWS to it. However, originally intending to write as much as possible about the Cold War and the mutual American and Russian relations precisely, I had to delimit the subject in order to comply with the quantitative requirements laid upon me. By means of a selection I chose the aspect of the Cold War which I found by far the most interesting, namely the basic assumptions of the post-war American politicians of how to prevent the communism from spreading, also known as the containment policy (derived from contain to keep something under control), and the political and military actions of the American Administration in which these communism-countering ideas can be recognized. In my paper, being as a matter of fact a written work of reference based on numerous sources, I will try to answer the question of how successful the containment policy invented and applied by the American policymakers in the years 1945-1949 turned out to be and to what degree it prevented the communism from spreading. Despite the subject concerns a short period of five years there is much to be written. It is never easy when it comes to explaining political decisions and therefore it is highly necessary to mention the underlying grounds, of which the gradual development led to the measures in question. So will my paper begin with the description of the primary reasons resulting in the introduction of the containment policy. Having described the latter I will focus on what I personally consider as the core of my work a summary of deductions concerning the Soviet post-war point of view written down by a high-rank diplomat working in the American Embassy in Moscow. The summary to be found in chapter 3 depicts concisely the direction that was to be given to the American foreign policy in response to the Soviet spreading ambitions. Theory and planning, however, are often not sufficient to bring the expected change. Real action is also required and so it must be addressed to in my paper in order to make the story complete. Chapter 4 will outline the efforts the US policymakers made as far as the application of the containment policy on the European political arena is considered. A careful and critical reader will find amongst lines the answer on how successful the containment proved to be. The chapter also leaves an open path for those who will attempt to imagine what the current world would look like if there were no communism-countering measures or individuals ready to devote their life to protection of democratic values. I find it necessary to mention that I wanted this PWS to be a challenge and some sort of test of my language skills since I am not a native speaker of English and my level of it is far from proficiency. I didnt choose the easiest way out which was writing this paper in Dutch a language I am much more familiar with. Instead I decided to use the opportunity to learn English vocabulary and grammatical constructions which I might not have memorized if I hadnt written it in the way I had. Before you continue reading I truly want you to know that it is not my intention to lay any idealistic beliefs upon you. On the contrary, I hope my paper will help you understand the past, which is after all necessary in order to live consciously in the present and create a future not based on ignorance of not knowing what the events taking place are caused by. Enjoy your journey back in time! Chapter 2: What were the primary reasons for the mutual distrust resulting in the introduction of the containment policy? The first section of this paper will throw some light on the background of the containment policy and, as a matter of fact, The Cold War itself. A proper comprehension of this part is necessary in order to answer the main question. After the very last tanks ceased firing and the Second World War ended, many realized how terribly destructive the war had been. It had materialized in thousands of destroyed cities and generations of young men who lost their lives in combat, not to mention civilians and their continuous fear for their lives. Many of the survivors were looking brightly at the future which was expected to bring about precious peace and prosperity. Unfortunately, only a few were aware of the threat that was about to arise. The Teheran Conference To be fully able to give a constructive answer to the question in the title we have to go back in time to 1943, from November 28 up to December 1 to be precise. The Teheran Summit was the first of the conferences held between all the members of the Big Three, giving shape to those that were about to be held within the next years. Allied leaders representing the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union pulled together in the Capital of their ally, Iran, to discuss measures that were necessary to overpower the common enemy. Apart from setting up a strategy that included synchronized operations to be undertaken from multiple directions, the Big Three agreed that they shall seek the cooperation and active participation of all nations, large and small, whose peoples in heart and mind are dedicated, as are our own peoples, to the elimination of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance[1]. This encouraging press release was definitely an important sign of taking a step forward into creating some kind of an international organization that would avoid imperfections of its predecessor, The League of Nations. Preventing aggressive tendencies of any sort would be its major goal. Next to the certainty of participation of the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom in the project the question of any role that China and France should play came up. Odds enough the Chinese politicians had not been informed about the proposed understanding at that point of time as result of their disability to form a stable government. Thanks to the Churchills telegram sent to Roosevelt we can surely as shooting state that the British Head of State was more than willing to ignore his early reluctance concerning China if the American president kept pushing on their engagement. As regard to France, it is believed that Roosevelts strong antipathy towards De Gaulle might have been a factor why Frances involvement was not taken seriously at that point of negotiations. After all, the maintenance of peace by controlling, disarming, preventing from rearming in secret and, if necessary, a blockage against a country and its bombardment seemed to be accepted by each of the Heads of State. A press release saying We await the day, when all nations of the world will live peacefully, free of tyranny, according to their national needs and conscience [1] gave a deceptive impression of a complete cooperation. The question of resetting Polish boundaries, brought up by the Russian delegation (consisting of Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Defence Minister Klimentii Voroshilov), wasnt solved so easily. It was to become one of the most difficult discussion points which would dominate the Yalta Conference and caused first dents in the mutual trust between the Soviet Union and the other two allies. The Yalta Conference The second meeting of all three members of the Great Alliance was announced in January 1945. It became quite obvious that the issue of boundaries couldnt remain unresolved any longer after the Russian forces had entered on Polish soil nearly a year before on January, 2. The necessary solution was hoped to be found, as stated by Churchill, in the worst place in the world [2] Crimean Yalta. It must be mentioned that each of the participants of the summit held between February 4 and 11 was in the first place, quite logically, trying to maintain the interests of their own country. For the sake of this thesis the main bottlenecks connected to prospective mutual relations will be worked out in detail. These three completely different approaches can be summarized as follows: Winston Churchill mainly interested in the European arena and the French role in the occupation of Germany Franklin Delano Roosevelt agreement on the Far East and setting up a sort of organization of united nations Marshall Stalin the Polish question being a matter of great importance for the Soviet Union. Furthermore an interest in becoming a sphere of influence where the Soviet superiority would be accepted. The compromise about the United Nations came more easily than Roosevelt had ever expected. The deadlock on the voting procedure of the United Nations, about the right of veto to be precise, had been overcome and the number of Soviet republics, which were to participate, had been decreased from sixteen to at least two. Stalins postulates narrowed down to the issue of setting the Polish eastern frontiers at the Curzon Line a demarcation line that was proposed at the Paris Peace Conference as the eastern boundary of Poland excluding the city of Lvov with its huge percentage of Polish citizens. [3] The extremely complicated negotiations between the three Heads of State and both Polish governments (one in-exile and the second set up by the Russians) led to the adoption of the controversial Curzon Line. Stalins spreading intentions, except for the plausible argument of necessity to possess one more ice-free harbour, were perfectly described by Marshall Stalin himself to Ernest Evin, the British Foreign Secretary, saying: The United Kingdom had India and the Indian Ocean in her sphere of interest; the United States China and Japan; the USSR had nothing To guarantee the freedom of elections and establishment of democracy according to Western terms, the Big Three ratified the Joint Declaration on Liberated Europe that promised peoples liberated from the domination of Nazi Germany and the peoples of the former Axis satellite states of Europe to solve by democratic means their pressing political and economic problems'[4]. Nevertheless, the declaration above mentioned turned out to be completely meaningless as history has shown. Due to its conditional implementation and lack of binding commitments there was no legal force upon signatories to maintain the agreement. However, no violations of the Yalta agreements by Stalin were suspected at this point of time, as stated by Churchill. The impression I brought back from the Crimea, and from all my other contacts, is that Marshal Stalin and the Soviet leaders wish to live in honourable friendship and equality with the Western democracies. I feel also that their word is their bond. I know of no government which stands to its obligations, even in its own despite, more solidly than the Russian Soviet Government. I decline absolutely to embark here on a discussion about Russian good faith. It is quite evident that these matters touch the whole future of the world. [5] According to Professor Arthur Schlesinger signing the declaration by Stalin was a diplomatic blunder which became obvious just a month after the Big Three gathered in Yalta. The meetings, which were supposed to determine the best Polish democratic leader, eventually proved to be an excellent way for Soviet secret police to reach the prominent members of the former Polish resistance and make them disappear, despite the promised Soviet guarantee of immunity. It didnt take a long time before Churchills initially credulous account of the agreement transformed into the opposite conviction. By 13 March he sent a telegraph to Roosevelt with a statement that the Heads of State were in the presence of a great failure and an utter breakdown of what was settled at Yalta [6]. Twelve days later the British prime minister described the situation on the West-East border as an iron curtain, which is slowly descending. The following quotation illustrates just how dramatically the developments in the European arena were becoming. If the German people lay down their weapons, the Soviets, according to the agreement between Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin, would occupy all of East and Southeast Europe along with the greater part of the Reich. An iron curtain would fall over this enormous territory controlled by the Soviet Union, behind which nations would be slaughtered.'[7] In the meanwhile the messages exchanged between Stalin and Roosevelt, who were increasingly becoming the two bigger players in the Big Three, were full of mutual accusations of jeopardizing the vulnerable accord. The Potsdam Conference The Polish matter reached a dead end. How things developed couldnt be witnessed by Roosevelt, who died on 12 April 1945. His successor, Harry Truman, once vice-president under Roosevelt, was expected to continue the policy towards the Soviet Union initialized by Roosevelt. However, it became obvious from the beginning that the mild approach, continuously applied by his predecessor, wasnt Trumans favourite style of work. The Potsdam Conference, lasting from July 17 to August 2, aside of being a permanent confirmation of previously made agreements, became Trumans first significant opportunity to influence the US-USSR relationship, mainly because of its nuclear undertone. The US presidents decision not to fully inform Stalin about the rapid progress concerning the construction of an atomic weapon correctly delineates the prospective Trumans policy of hostility and inscrutability towards The Soviet Union. A mentioning of a new weapon of unusual destructive force [8] did not specially bot her Stalin, who was already in 1943 informed about an atomic weapon allegedly built in the West. Russian atomic project did not accelerate until Japan was bombed twice in September 1945. The order, given by Marshal Stalin to Igor Kurchatov, a leading Russian physicist, sounded more or less The balance has been destroyed. Provide the bomb (* No firm evidence of this record has remained until now but the sense of the message is kept unchanged). Chapter 3: What was the containment policy based on? In this paragraph I will briefly describe the major political events that gave shape to what is now understood as the containment policy. President Harry Truman, despite being known of his unyielding personality, lacked experience in foreign affairs and could hardly do without a number of political analysts. These happened to be influenced by the opinions of George F. Kennan (to be seen on the right hand), the prominent USSR specialist in the State Department and the charge daffaires at the American Embassy in Moscow, whose role in the process of the containment policy coming into life cant be over-emphasized. On February 22, 1946 he sent a long analysis of Soviet post-war outlook to his colleagues in the Capitol in Washington. https://blogs.princeton.edu/mudd/files/mt/images/kennan.jpg The so-called Long Telegram, of which the most relevant points are summarized below, became one of the major documents that the containment policy was based on. George F. Kennan [9] A brief characteristic of the Soviet point of view, according to the propaganda machine -The geographical and political surrounding of the USSR by capitalistic nations will eventually result in a battle for the economical leadership in the world, which will be also crucial for the fate of socialism/communism and capitalism. -Any actions, activities and happenings abroad which seem to correspond with the Soviet interests to a certain degree should be supported. In the long run the differences between capitalist countries will become too powerful to be overcome in a peaceful manner. No opportunity may be missed to turn the internal conflict into a communistic revolution. The background of the mentality The premises do not represent the point of view of an average Russian. The ordinary citizen, on the contrary to what is stated by the officials, is more than willing to contact the outside world and live peacefully. It must be kept in mind that the party is the villain The basic assumptions of the Russian propaganda machine pre-date the World War II, which makes it irrelevant and nothing more than incorrect (spoken in terms of 1940s). The premises are as much as necessary for the Russian party in order to deter Soviet citizens coming in contact with technically and economically more advanced West which might prove the fallibility of the communism/socialism. Steps that will be undertaken on the official (diplomatic) level -Increasing the outsiders perception of strength of the Soviet military arsenal and industrial development as much as social cohesion is a significant part of the national policy. On the other hand attempts will be made to conceal imperfections and weaknesses of the system. The efforts to extend Soviet political power will materialize themselves into territorial claims on the official level only after finishing unofficial preparations. Soviet participation in international organizations (as United Nations) serves only the pragmatic purposes of expanding the Soviet political influence on the international arena and reducing operational ability of others. United Nations are not seen as an instrument for a stable and peaceful world society based on interests of all nations. Even on the official level the Soviet Union will attempt to sabotage the relations between Western states and their (former) colonies in order to clear the path for the Soviet participation in policymaking. -Soviet politicians, while being abroad, will be urged to follow the strict diplomatic protocol with emphasis laid on good manners in order to increase the impression of the Soviet prestige. Suspected activities on the unofficial level, i.e. on level for which the Soviet administrations do not take responsibility I feel obliged to remark on the incredible importance of the following section. The contained statements are these that the Truman Administration (and any other following until the end of 1980s) had mostly to deal with. Actions on the unofficial level will be first of all directed to foreign organizations, movements, societies and governments that are regarded as susceptible for, what the party asserted, the Russian sense of nationalism and Marx ideas of equality. The left-wing activists, officially members of Western Labour Parties, were encouraged to work on underground lines and were intensively instructed by politicians in Moscow. A diversity of organizations and associations, such as racial, feministic or religious societies, is highly exposed to penetration. Even the subdivisions of the Orthodox Church located abroad are at risk of being penetrated. George Kennan states that organizations above mentioned will be solely used in fields of their expertise, e.g. influential orthodox activists would jeopardize any thinkable actions of Protestant politicians. Further explanations follow: Increasing industrial and social unrest and stimulation of all possible forms of disunity will result in undermining operational potential of the western states and breaking off the national confidence. In countries forced into colonial relationships outstandingly cruel actions will be undertaken to destroy relatively good relations with (former) mother countries. Simultaneously extreme left-wing parties will be preparing for not necessarily legal taking-over of political power. -Governments obviously not agreeing with the Soviet foreign policy will be kept under pressure in order to cause their eventual removal from office. Every imaginable activity will be undertaken in order to provoke the most powerful Western states against each other. Conclusions for the US Government Soviet power, not schematic in character, doesnt work by strict plans and doesnt take unnecessary hazards. It is extremely responsive to logic or force and therefore it can easily pull back and mostly does when facing a strong opposition. So, quoting Kennan, if the adversary has sufficient force and makes clear his readiness to use it, he rarely has to do so. [9] The next point the author makes has to do with the Western degree of cohesion, firmness and muster. Success of the Soviet Union, as for being the weaker force, depends to some extent on the mentioned factor. Another factor that is relatively easy to deal with is the Soviet propaganda. The destructive and generally negative character of it can be opposed by a sort of intelligent and constructive programmes. In the conclusion the author states that a calm and unprovoked recognition of the hypothetically dangerous movements must be the governments very first step. Furthermore the public education should play a bigger role. The fear of unknown can be overcome by informing the citizens about the Russian reality. After all it would result in improvement of social cohesion and make the society less vulnerable to threats from both outside and inside. Finally Kennan brings up the significance of formulating a constructive and positive picture of the sort of world the US policy makers would like to see. It is not enough to urge people to develop political processes similar to our own. Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are tired and frightened by experiences of past, and are less interested in abstract freedom than in security. They are seeking guidance rather than responsibilities. We should be better able than Russians to give them this. And unless we do, Russians certainly will. [10] The reaction of the Russians wasnt immediate. Nearly seven months later, on September the 27, the Soviet Ambassador to United States, Nikolai Novikov, sent a note to the highest officials of the Soviet Union that was nothing but an analysis of the Kennans Long Telegram and the US post-war foreign policy towards the Soviet Union in general. These became accessible for outsiders after the publication in Foreign Affairs magazine of the so-called X Article in July 1947, being as a matter of fact an adjusted version of the original analysis of Kennans. Novikov concluded that the American outlook is predominantly characterized by the drift towards the worlds supremacy and as well economical as military leadership. Amongst others he stated that the plans of establishing more than 480 naval bases, American mainland signalize intense intentions of hostility towards the Soviet Union. By the end of 1946 the political situation between the US and the SU reached its lowest point since the end of the Second World War. Western politicians were little by little abandoning their hope for the cooperation with the Russians and the Kennans prophecy was slowly becoming the reality. How the US officials reacted and what measures they took in order to deter foreign government representatives from embracing communism will be properly described in the following paragraph. Chapter 4: What efforts did the US government make to materialize the containment policy and with what result? The Truman Doctrine The Truman Administration received multiple signals from its British Ally about the gradually increasing difficulties of His Majestys Government to provide on-going financial help to Greece and Turkey the two states the United Kingdom had been supporting for years and which found themselves standing on the edge of a democratic collapse. In an official note dating to February 21, 1947 British informed Washington of their inability to support the mentioned states and requested for a takeover of their economical obligations. Trumans reaction came into history as the Truman Doctrine. In his speech to a joint session of Congress of March 12, he emphasized the moral obligation of the American state to provide assistance to the peoples of Greece and Turkey in order to establish a democracy and restore the authority of the government. In regard to Greece the President stated that the British aid issued in the preceding years wasnt sufficient to supply the weak and not able to operate indepe ndently army and fight communist insurgents dislocating the Greek state. Turkey, on the contrary, didnt need financial assistance so desperately at that point of time. Nevertheless due to a historic background of Greece and Turkey being stubborn rivals for decades it was necessary to split the money equally in order to avoid future claims of injustice or, even worse, anti-Western tensions. Truman concluded that the US Government was the only institution in the world able to prevent Greece and Turkey from becoming what the totalitarian states in the period of the Second World War were regimes of minorities getting their path clear by means of violence and suppression. I find it interesting to mention that the presidential Congress speech is also known as the Trumans containment speech. Clark Clifford (Trumans advisor), asked in 1972 about the nickname, said: we were concerned about preventing Soviet control of larger areas of the world than they already controlled [11]. Although the word containment wasnt even said once by Truman in his speech, the measures supposed by him concentrated on opposing the activities mentioned in the fourth point of Kennans Long Telegram namely the actions of the Soviet party conducted on unofficial level. Greek communist freedom fighters were not powered by Marxs ideals but by Stalins money and military arsenal. As result of it the most of the $338 million sent by the United States to Greece was spent on military equipment. The concept of supporting European nations economically, drafted in March 1947 and perfectly outlined by the President Truman in his Congress speech, was just a momentary restoration programme, which had to prevent Greece and Turkey from falling into the hands of communism. How this financial aid, meant only for the time being, transformed into a long-term supportive programme will be depicted in the following section. Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan, although originally not intended to be a part of the containment policy as stated in the May 23 report of the Policy Planning Staff, became a significant step forward taken by the American Administration, influence and actions of which were gradually becoming more visible on the international political arena. The Policy Planning Staff (PPS), created by George Kennan at the request of the Secretary of State George C. Marshall, was given the task of, taking a long term, strategic view of global trends and framing recommendations for the Secretary of State to advance U.S. interests and American values.'[12] In the context of the European Recovery Program, as the so-called Marshall Plan was officially known, it came down to investigating multiple possibilities of supporting financially the European communities in order to solve their war-caused economical problems and bring them to the level of self-sufficiency. To avoid sceptical publicity criticizing Americans for th eir interventionism in European affairs, aid would be exclusively launched if the formal initiative came from Europe. Besides it was required that the program would evolve on the Old Continent and that its leaders would take the fundamental responsibility for it, while the US would limit themselves to a supportive program of such an undertaking by financial means. Knowing the tensions between the US and the Soviet Union, Kennan and the other members of the PPS didnt want the European Recovery Program (ERP) to be a reason for the further isolation of East from West. Although speculating on Soviet reluctance, the inventors of the Marshall Plan included in their project the participation of the Eastern nations in an early stage. By leaving the door open the American policymakers could verify the Soviet attitude towards the plan, which eventually would give proof of their good or bad faith. Kennan and his co-workers were convinced that this offer would not remain without response, since economical co-operation of Soviet satellite countries with the US would result in weakening of Soviet control in these states. On June 5 1947 the first signals concerning the Marshall Plan were sent out to the outside world. The Harvard speech of Secretary Marshall, being an announcement of conditions and proposals above mentioned, didnt meet much of approvement at the other side of the Iron Curtain. Already after a couple of multipartite conferences the Soviet delegation under wings of Molotov turned down the negotiations. According to the diary notes of Vincent Auriol, the French president at that time, Molotov said amongst other things that the project would divide Europe [13] which testified the bad faith of the Soviet party. The September speech of Soviet deputy foreign minister Andrei Vyshinsky to the United Nations General Assembly was its final confirmation. He stated that the Marshall Plan was a firm violation of the 11 December 1946 resolution of the United Nation, which declared that distribution of economic resources by a state may not be used as an instrument of political pressure. According to Vishinsky the Russian government saw the European Recovery Project as an attempt to put European states in American sphere of influence and to intervene in their internal affairs. In Soviet opinion the plan would result in splitting Europe into two antagonistic blocs, of which the Western one, led by the United States, would develop a certain hostility towards democratically ruled Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union in particular. The splitting up of the Russians gave the American politicians an opportunity to give the aid programme a hoped-for direction. As stated by Michael J. Hogan, an adviser to the US Department of State, the Marshall Plan was about to become a protective measure to counter the Soviet threat and serve as an extension of the containment policy [14]. Â  Unlike Soviet satellite states, which dropped off under pressure of the Soviet Union, the sixteen Western neighbours gathered at a conference in Paris, which lasted from July 12 up to September 22, and was intended to give shape to the financial requests that would be presented to the Americans. Unfortunately due to disunity of the European leaders concerning the final amount that would be asked for and their unwillingness to shift part of political responsibilities to a collectively created international body, which was known as the Committee of European Economic Cooperation (CEEC), Kennan and his Policy Planning Staff did not receive an acceptable report. There are a huge number of details concerning the Marshall Plan being brought to life, which I would like to work out narrowly. Unfortunately I have to limit